Sphere-forming cells were obtained as previously described (Ciccarelli et al., 2016 (link); Camero et al., 2020 (link); Megiorni et al., 2021 (link)). Briefly, RD and RH30 cells were cultured in anchorage-independent conditions (ultra-low attachment flasks or plates, Corning) in stem cell (SC)-medium consisting of DMEM:F12 medium (Gibco-Invitrogen) and B27 (ThermoFischer). Fresh human epidermal growth factor (20 ng/ml) and fibroblast growth factor (20 ng/ml) (PeproTech, London, United Kingdom) were added twice/week until cells formed floating spheres. To evaluate the primary sphere formation, cells from sub-confluent (70–80%) monolayer cultures were plated at a density of 100, 500 or 1,000 cells in a 24-well culture plate (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, United States). For the sphere formation assay, the number of primary tumor spheres was determined.
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