Wound healing assay was performed according to the methods previously described (Pacurari et al. 2012 (link); Ju et al., 2014 (link); Pacurari et al., 2016b ). A549 cells were grown on cover slips to a confluent monolayer and then scratched to form a 100-µm “wound” using 100 µL sterile pipette tips. The cells were treated with MWCNT (20 or 50 µg/ml) in serum-free media for 24 h, washed one time with PBS and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Samples were imaged using an Olympus IX70 microscope (Olympus Optical Co., Ltd, Japan) equipped with a Retiga 2000R FAST camera (Qimaging, Canada). Images were acquired using SimplePCI software (Compix Inc., Sewickley, PA).