Western blot was performed as described earlier.35 (link),36 (link) In brief, cardiac protein samples were separated on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis and the proteins transferred to immobilon-P membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Levels of 4HNE-protein adducts in heart samples were determined using an antibody of 4HNE-Cys/His/Lys (Calbiochem) at a concentration of 1: 1000. Anti-alpha-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibody at a concentration of 1: 1000 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz) was used as a housekeeping marker. The bound antibody was visualized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-coupled secondary antibody.