Caregivers completed questionnaires about family demographics (parent education, income, employment status, ethnicity, race), and their child's digital media use. Because prior work has found that the majority of children's digital media time at this age is spent with videos/TV and most children have some level of regular TV time (Kucker et al., 2024) (link), the average minutes/day spent watching videos/TV/movies from the Media Assessment Questionnaire (MAQ; Barr et al., 2020) (link) was used as the metric for digital media use. Children's expressive vocabulary was measured with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences (MCDI; Fenson et al., 1994 (link)). Children's total amount of social interactions was assessed through a self-report asking "On average, how many people does your child interact with on a daily basis?" . The study was approved by the Oklahoma State University and Southern Methodist University Internal Review Boards and all participants gave informed consent.