DsRed fluorescent protein-expressing OT–1 mice (C57BL/6–TgTcra/Tcrb homozygous, 1100 Mjb/J) were a generous gift from Professor Mei Wu (Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston). Mice 10 weeks of age or older were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation following an approved IACUC protocol. Spleens were collected aseptically immediately after euthanasia and T cells were primed following a published protocol (39 (link)) with minor modifications. Briefly, red blood cells in the splenic suspension were depleted by incubating with ammonium–chloride–potassium lysing buffer (Gibco, A1049201) for 4 minutes. Three days before addition to 3D cultures, T cell blasts were generated in 6–well plates (Corning, 353046) by inoculating 0.75 μg/mL of SIINFEKL peptide (ovalbumin sequence 257–264, New England Peptide, BP10–915) into 1×106 splenocytes/mL for 3 days in the presence of 10 U/ml recombinant murine interleukin–2 (IL–2) cytokine (Peprotech Inc., 212–12). This protocol yields a >90% pure solution of CD8+ T cells (39 (link), 40 (link)) and was not purified further. Cells were washed twice in RPMI 1640 media before addition to 3D cultures. In all cases, T cells were maintained in SuppRPMI medium further supplemented with 50 μM β–mercaptoethanol (Sigma, M3148) and 10 U/mL recombinant murine IL–2 (T cell RPMI).