ADI (amino acids 1 to 411, D277A) previously cloned into the expression vector pET151/D-TOPO [13 (link)], was expressed in E. coli BL21 Star (DE3) cells and purified by immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) as previously reported [12 (link)]. Endotoxins were removed by washing the IMAC-bound protein with Triton X-114 [20 (link)]. Final protein concentration was determined using a Direct Detect infrared spectrometer (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and endotoxin levels were measured using the Pierce Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
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