Blood was drawn between 8 and 10 a.m. while participants were in the fasting state. For the current study, baseline biochemical measurements used for analysis were performed the same day. HbA1c was measured in EDTA-anticoagulated blood on a Cobas Integra 800 CTS analyser (Roche, The Netherlands) with a NGSP (National Glycohemoglobin Standardized Program) certified turbidimetric immunoassay. Blood glucose was measured with a hexokinase method. Serum concentrations of creatinine and lipids (total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol were measured on a Roche Modular P chemistry analyser (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) [22 (link)]. Estimated (e) GFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) formula [26 (link)].
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