Formaldehyde-fixed rat hearts were dehydrated and then embedded in paraffin. Paraffin-embedded sections (5 μm) were dewaxed and incubated with the primary antibody HIF-1α (Bioworld, catalog # BS3514), VEGF (Santa Cruz, catalog # sc-13083) or CD31 (Santa Cruz, catalog # sc-1506). After visualization with diaminobenzidine (DAB), images were acquired under the inverted Olympus IX70 microscope (Olympus Inc. Melville, NY). The CD31 immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the capillary density. The myocardial capillary density (MCD) was also calculated as previously described 19 (link).