LPS from Escherichia coli O127:B8, PHE, KCl, serotonin, acetylcholine, and hexamethonium were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. LPS was suspended in saline and sonicated in bath for 30 min immediately before use. The other drugs were dissolved in saline without the need for sonication. In the in-vivo experiments, LPS (1 mg/mL), PHE (1–25 µg/mL), or hexamethonium (30 mg/mL) were bolus-injected i.v. at a volume of 1 mL/kg. In the ex-vivo vascular reactivity experiment, a concentrated solution of PHE, KCl, serotonin, or acetylcholine was added to the myograph chamber in a volume that did not exceed 4% of the end chamber volume.
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