Nissl staining was performed with 0.1% cresyl violet solution (Sigma-Aldrich) using a standard protocol to evaluate the peri-impact injury of our TBI model 26 (link), 27 (link). From each perfused brain, six coronal sections between the anterior edge and posterior edge of the TBI impact area were collected and processed for Nissl staining. The peri-impact area was defined as the region in the cortex immediately surrounding the TBI impact area, starting at AP +2.0 mm and ending at AP -3.8 mm posterior from the bregma. Every sixth coronal tissue section was chosen at random to quantify cell survival in the peri-impact area. Brain sections were examined using a light microscope (Keyence). Neuronal survival in the peri-impact area of the brain was quantified using a computer-assisted image analysis system (NIH Image Software, USA) and was expressed as a percentage of the ipsilateral hemisphere compared to the contralateral hemisphere 27 (link).