The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. All strains were initially grown at 37 °C in LB medium, then tested in EG medium, which is E medium [35 (link)] containing 0.4% glucose [36 (link)]. The medium pH was adjusted by the addition of NaOH or HCl. Antibiotics were used at the following concentrations: ampicillin, 100 µg/mL; kanamycin, 30 µg/mL; chloramphenicol, 30 μg/mL. Antibiotics, L-arabinose, N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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