In the current study, the materials required for the SPCE’s sensor platform were based on Leung et al., 2021 with minor modifications [14 (link)]. A summary of the materials that were applied in this study includes: CM-dextran sodium salt (CMD-Na), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS), ethanolamine, potassium chloride (KCl), potassium ferricyanide (Fe(CN)63−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-fluorescein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a 40,000 dalton protein, was supplied by Abcam (Cambridge, UK). MES free acid monohydrate, hydroxymethyl-aminomethane (Tris), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Amresco Inc. (Solon, OH, USA). Core streptavidin was from BiVision (Bioptics, Tucson, AZ, USA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) was from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI, USA). The screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were purchased from Zensor R&D (Taichung, Taiwan).
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