Blood samples were collected in 10-ml EDTA tubes and immediately transferred to our laboratory where they were centrifuged and aliquoted within 2 h after collection. CSF samples were collected on the same day of blood extraction and processed in polypropylene tubes following international recommendations [33 (link)]. All samples were processed and aliquoted within the first two hours after lumbar puncture. The plasma and CSF aliquots were stored at − 80 °C until analysis. pGFAP and pNfL concentrations were measured using the SR-X single molecule array. CSF AD core biomarkers (Aβ42, Aβ40, tTau and pTau181) were measured in the fully-automated platform Lumipulse (Fujirebio-Europe), and levels of CSF NfL (Uman Diagnostics) and CSF YKL-40 (MicroVue™, Quidel) were measured by ELISA according to previously reported methods [7 (link), 33 (link)]. All samples and calibration curves were measured in duplicate. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were 5.3% and 9.6%, respectively. The pre-analytical processing protocol for blood and CSF in the SPIN cohort has been described in detail [28 (link), 29 (link)].
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