IECs were isolated by sequential incubation of intestinal tissue in 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 1.5 mM EDTA solutions as described previously40 (link). Cell lysates from IECs and keratinocytes were prepared as described41 (link),42 (link). Lysis buffer was supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitor tablets (Roche). Cell lysates were separated on SDS–PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (IPVH00010, Millipore). Membranes were probed with primary antibodies against the following proteins: RIPK1 (610459, BD Biosciences), RIPK3 (ADI-905-242-100), cIAP1 (ALX-803-335-C100, Enzo), IκBα (sc-371), TRAF2 (sc-876), TRAF3 (sc-949), TRADD (sc-7868), p65 (sc-372), c-Rel (sc-71),HDAC1 (sc-7872), β-actin, (sc-1616, Santacruz), phospho-p65 (3033), JNK (9252), RelB (4922), phospho-p38 (9211), p38 (8690), phospho-ERK (9101), ERK (9102, Cell Signaling), phospho-JNK (44-682G, Invitrogen), p100/52 (NR1495), p105/50 (NR1157, NCI BRB), α-tubulin (T6074, Sigma), TRAF6 (597, MBL), c-FLIP (AG-20B-0005-C100, Adipogen), followed by secondary HRP-coupled antibodies (GE Healthcare and Jackson ImmuneResearch) and developed with chemiluminescent detection substrate (GE Healthcare and Thermo Scientific).