CMC, glycerol (GLY), AMK, NaOH, HCl, penicillin, streptomycin, Mueller–Hinton (MH) agar, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution, PBS tablets, silica gel beads, and transdermal diffusion membranes were obtained from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, US) and used without any modification. The human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) (ATCC CCL-171) and bacterial strains (Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)) were procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VI, USA). The culture medium RPM1-1640 and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan) and Biosera (Nuaille, France), respectively. All experiments were performed in double-distilled water (DDW) unless otherwise specified. AX was extracted and characterized from Plantago ovata/psyllium seed husk (PSH) using our previously described method [12 (link),29 (link)].
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