Endogenous genes were deleted as described (23 (link)). Yeast strains and primers used are listed (Supplementary Tables S3 and S4). R-loop detection via direct pull downs employed the anti-RNA–DNA antibody from Kerafast (cat# ENH001), which exhibited lower enrichments but higher specificity compared to antibodies that we used previously in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) (12 (link)). Anti-RNAPII, anti-diAcH3K9/14, anti-TAP and anti-β-Actin antibodies were purchased from BioLegend (665004), Millipore (06-599), Sigma (P1291-500UL) and Thermo Scientific (MA1-744), respectively. Anti-GFP was a kind gift from D. Moazed (Harvard University). The Stm1 YEplac181 plasmid or empty vector control were kind gifts from F.B. Johnson (University of Pennsylvania) (24 (link)).