Chitosan-based Antimicrobial Nano-Formulations

Chitosan (CS, low molecular weight, 88% hydrolysis degree, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA, Mn = 480, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); acetic acid (CH₃COOH, 99%, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); glutaraldehyde (GA, Sigma Aldrich, 25% aqueous solution, Saint Louis, MO, USA); sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); levofloxacin (LEV, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); ciprofloxacin (CP, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); Tween 80 (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); Span 80 (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); acetate and phosphate-buffered saline (ABS and PBS) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA; MCF-10A cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA; DMEM/F12 supplemented with 5% horse serum (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); 20 ng/mL EGF (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA); HDMVEC (Primary Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells) are from ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; Milli-Q ultrapure distilled water (Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA). All other reagents used in this study were of analytical grade purity and were used without further purification. The human blood samples used were freshly obtained from one healthy nonsmoker volunteer.