Human PBMNCs were isolated as described previously, and 1 × 103 PBMNCs were added to each well of a 24-well plate (BD Falcon, Bedford, MA, USA) and cultured in serum-free QQc culture medium for 7 d17 (link)–19 (link, link). Briefly, QQc culture medium is an optimized combination of growth factors and cytokines (20 ng/mL thrombopoietin, 20 ng/mL interleukin (IL) 6, 100 ng/mL stem cell factor (SCF), 100 ng/mL Flt-3 ligand, and 50 ng/mL vascular endothelial growth factor; all from Peprotech, Rocky Hills, NJ, USA) in serum-free stem cell medium (Stemcell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada). QQc culture was performed in this medium for 7 d, which has been shown to dramatically and optimally expand and enhance the vasculogenic potential of EPCs.