To quantify vascular leakage, Evans blue (Sigma-Aldrich) was injected i.v. at a concentration of 20 mg/kg body weight diluted in PBS. After 4 h, brain and liver tissue were removed after perfusing mice with saline. Evans blue was extracted from tissues using N,N-dimethyl formamide (Sigma-Aldrich) as described previously (Kim et al., 2009 (link)). All samples were plated in triplicate on black 96-well flat-bottom plates (Corning), and fluorescence emission was quantified using a Varioskan Flash fluorometer (620-nm excitation; 695-nm emission; Thermo Fisher Scientific).