Reagent-grade chemicals were purchased in their pure form and used as received: titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2, 99.0%, with particle size = 10μm), polyacrylonitrile (PAN, MW = 150.000), N,N–dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.0%), benzene (C6H6, 99.0%), aluminum chloride (AlCl3, 98.0%), cupric chloride (CuCl2, 99.0%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37.0%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.0%), polymeric perfluorosulfonic acid (nafion, (5.0%), and potassium hydroxide (KOH, 98.0%).
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