Distal colonic samples (2–3.5 cm proximal to the anus) were ground and lysed using a total protein extract kit (Keygen). Each sample (30 μg protein) was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Wang et al., 2016 (link)). The membrane was first incubated with primary antibodies against Caspase 3, PCNA, mTORC1, and GCN2 (Cell Signaling) overnight at 4°C and then incubated with the secondary antibody for 2 h at 25°C. The results were visualized via chemiluminescence with EZ-ECL (Biological Industries).
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