All isolates were subjected to molecular epidemiological analysis by PFGE after SmaI digestion using the CHEF Genomic DNA Plug kit (Bio-Rad) according to a standardized protocol [21 (link)]. PFGE was run using a CHEF DRIII system (Bio-Rad). The InfoQuest FP (v5) software (Bio-Rad Laboratories) was used to analyze PFGE profiles, according to interpretation criteria described by Tenover et al. [22 (link)]. Clustering analysis was achieved using Dice similarity coefficients and the unweighted pair group method with averages (UPGMA) at 1.5% optimization and 1.5% position tolerance. Additionally, isolates were typed based on sequencing of the hypervariable region of the S. aureus protein A gene (spa); spa types were assigned MLST sequence types (ST) inferred on the Ridom spaServer (http://spaserver.ridom.de) curated by the SeqNet.org initiative [23 (link)].
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