Lentiviral transfection of HCC cells was performed using mRFP-GFP-LC3 (GeneChem Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Following puromycin selection for 2 weeks, images were captured by confocal fluorescence microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Yellow or red fluorescence was quantified to monitor the progression of autophagic flux under normoxia or hypoxia. The number of puncta per cell was counted in five random images. TEM was performed as previously described.11 (link)
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