Two-photon imaging was performed to observe NET formation in the mouse brain after 24 h of 2.5 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.) LPS injection. An anesthetized mouse was placed in a customized chamber, and the brain surgery was conducted prior to imaging as previously described (41 (link)42 (link)). NET-defining markers, which are NE Ab Alexa Fluor 488 (Ssc-55549 AF488; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and CitH3 (Cat# ab5103; Abcam), were intravenously inoculated to visualize the NET formation. For the fluorescence imaging of NETs, the CitH3 Ab was conjugated to Alexa Fluor 594 using Ab labeling kits, as per the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen). The blood vessel was visualized by injecting wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) (Cat# 29028; Biotium, Eching, Germany). Acquired Images were analyzed with Volocity, Image J, and Imaris based on previous reports (18 (link)).