Endothelial cells were seeded at 50,000 cells per insert well (0.4 μm pore size polyester membrane from Corning, Inc., Corning, NY, USA) and cultured for 1 to 3 days to allow the growth of a confluent monolayer. After the different groups received different treatments, the endothelial cell monolayers were treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 6 h before testing for permeability. Paracellular and transcellular permeability were tested as described previously [9 (link)].
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