A 360-nucleotide model vRNA was transcribed in vitro from a cDNA containing the T7 promoter and the noncoding region of the NS gene of WSN (H1N1), VN/1180 (H5N1), or AH/1 (H7N9) virus by using the RiboMax Large Scale RNA Production Systems (Promega) as described previously [34 (link)]. The vRNAs transcribed in vitro were concentrated and purified by using a Spin Column RNA Cleanup & Concentration Kit (Sangon Biotech) and quantified by using NanoDrop (ThermoFisher).
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