Pulmonary embolism, any type of malignancy and history of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, history of coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac surgery with any indication, congenital heart disease, endocrine disorders, collagenous vascular disease, acute or chronic renal failure, end-stage liver disease, active inflammatory disease, history of cerebrovascular disease, moderate-to-severe valvular heart disease, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathies were determined as exclusion criteria.