Trigeminal imaging preparation was performed as described previously (16 (link)). Epifluorescence imaging of the ganglia was performed using an upright microscope (FVMPE-RS, Olympus) equipped with a 4×, 0.28-numerical aperture air objective. Illumination was provided with a 130-W halogen light source (U-HGLGPS, Olympus), using a standard green excitation/emission filter cube. Images were acquired using an ORCA-Flash 4.0 CMOS camera (Hamamatsu, Japan) at a frame rate of 10 Hz using MetaMorph (Molecular Devices). pClamp software was used to trigger the imaging acquisition and to generate TTL pulses for synchronizing other instruments (videography and force recording) through a Digidata 1550 (Molecular Devices).