One hind limb of a rat was subjected to mechanical vibration with a laboratory vortex mixer, as previously described.2 (link),7 (link),9 (link),10 (link) Rats were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane in oxygen and their right hind limb affixed to the platform of a vortex mixer (Digital Vortex Genie II; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with Micropore surgical tape (3M Health Care, St. Paul, MN) so that the knee and ankle joint were both at 90°, without rotational torque on the leg. Each hind limb was vibrated at a frequency of 60 to 80 Hz with a 5 mm peak-to-peak displacement amplitude for 15 minutes. These vibration frequencies are within the range produced by hand-held power tools (35–150 Hz).36 (link)