Western blot assay was performed as described previously4 (link),36 (link). Briefly, cells at 70%–80% confluency were scraped with 1X RIPA cell lysis buffer (1 mM β-glycerophosphate, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 mM Na3VO4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 2.5 mM Na4P2O7, 1 μg/mL leupeptin, 1% Triton, 10% protease inhibitor). Proteins were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore). Immune-reactive bands were visualized using a Pierce enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection kit (Thermo Scientific); β-actin was used as a loading control. Information pertaining to antibodies used is detailed in Supplementary Table 1.