In this experiment, the exogenous addition of Neu5Ac was used as a substrate for the synthesis of PSA. The method for determining PSA using the resorcinol method actually hydrolyzes PSA into monomers using a strong acid, and then determines the amounts of all sialic acid monomers [23] (link). Both exogenously added sialic acid monomers and monomers from the breakdown of the product PSA were included. The amount of Neu5Ac monomer in the fermentation broth was then determined using the HPLC method under neutral conditions. The amount of PSA produced via fermentation was then calculated by subtracting the HPLC score from the resorcinol score.