Total RNA was isolated from mice livers or hepatocytes. The complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared, amplified, and measured in the presence of SYBR Green as previously described (30 (link)). The fluorescent values were collected and a melting curve analysis was performed. Gapdh was used as the internal reference to normalize the relative level of each transcript. The primers used are shown in Supplementary Table 1 . Hepatocytes were analyzed by immunoblotting with PPARα (Millipore, MA, USA; MAB3890), REV-ERBα (cell signaling, #13418), and Bmal1 (cell signaling, #14020).
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