A comparative cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in a group of 122 consecutive patients with DM and a group of 119 patients with no DM, age-matched by group, who attended the ophthalmology clinic at two tertiary teaching hospitals in Jordan (Jordan University Hospital and King Abdullah University Hospital). All patients were Jordanians of Arab ethnicity.
In the DM group, DM was diagnosed if patients were currently treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, with or without insulin, and if they fulfilled the American Diabetic Association (ADA) Guidelines diagnostic criteria [14 (link)]. In the non-DM group, all patients had glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <5.8%. Those with a history of ocular surgery involving the ocular surface or nasolacrimal apparatus, eyelid abnormalities (e.g., entropion and trichiasis), acute conjunctivitis, recent use of topical ophthalmic medication (e.g., steroids), and history of wearing contact lenses were excluded.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Medical Research at the Jordan University Hospital and the University of Jordan. It adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants.
In the DM group, DM was diagnosed if patients were currently treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, with or without insulin, and if they fulfilled the American Diabetic Association (ADA) Guidelines diagnostic criteria [14 (link)]. In the non-DM group, all patients had glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <5.8%. Those with a history of ocular surgery involving the ocular surface or nasolacrimal apparatus, eyelid abnormalities (e.g., entropion and trichiasis), acute conjunctivitis, recent use of topical ophthalmic medication (e.g., steroids), and history of wearing contact lenses were excluded.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Medical Research at the Jordan University Hospital and the University of Jordan. It adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants.
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