Multiparous Buffalo Estrous Cycle Management

A total of 101 (n = 101) adult (3–6 years age) multiparous (1–3 lactations) crossbred buffaloes with moderate body weight (621.12 ± 121.3 kg) and body condition score (2.5–3 points; 1–5 scale) (22 (link)), were randomly allocated into three treatment groups based on GnRH dosages. The selected buffaloes were clinically and physically healthy, normal history of reproductive soundness and showed regular estrus cycles, which were determined by tracking follicular development and ovulation through routine ultrasonography. All animals were housed in an open shed with a cemented rooftop and two sides fenced by galvanized wire mesh. The fans were installed for ventilation, and sprinklers for showering during peak heat periods; the grooming brush facilities were also available at the farm. A head-to-head stall-feeding system was in practice. Each animal was allocated an area of ~3.7 m² and a manager of 0.6 by 0.9 m. Total mixed ration (TMR) was offered to buffaloes at a standard ratio (60:40) forage [corn silage (8%), peanut vine (16%), soybean (17%), rice straw (2%), corn (38%), soybean hulls (16%), flaxseed meal (6.0%), cottonseed cake (6%), cornmeal (17.5%), vinasse (10%), Sodium bicarbonate (0.5%) and mineral-vitamin premix (6%)]. Animals had free access to fresh, clean water.