Human PASMCs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min at room temperature. The cells were blocked with 5% BSA (Sigma) for 1 h at room temperature, washed with PBS, labeled with anti-Ki67 antibody (Sigma) or anti-ATF6 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 2 h at room temperature, rinsed in PBS, and incubated with the AlexaFluor-488 antibody (ZSGB-BIO) for 60 min at room temperature. The nuclei were stained with DAPI and fluorescent staining was visualized using a BX-61 microscope (Olympus) or confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP8), as previously described 23 (link).