The primary outcome of the RCT was change in fat mass [13 (link)]. The main prespecified exploratory outcome measures of this secondary analysis were changes in adipokine and gut hormone levels. Adipokines and gut hormones were measured as previously described [15 (link)]. All blood tests were drawn in the fasting morning state (8 am to 10 am), including into a BD P800 tube (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) for preservation of gut hormones, and were assayed in a single run. Total PP, PYY, and amylin levels were measured using the Millipore Human Metabolic Panel Milliplex kit (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), with intra-assay coefficient of variation (CVs) of 5.86%, 6.73%, and 2.90% and interassay CVs of 5.25%, 9.60%, and 8.71%, respectively. Leptin, active GLP-1, GIP, and total ghrelin levels were measured using the Bio-plex diabetes panel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) with intra-assay CVs of 5.51%, 7.37%, 3.57%, and 2.47% and interassay CVs of 13.44%, 6.90%, 3.15%, and 5.25%, respectively. Adiponectin was measured using a duo enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) with an intra-assay CV of 5.37% and an interassay CV of 7.64%.