pcDNA-3xFLAG-Vpr and pscAAV-mCherry-T2A-Vpr WT and mutant plasmids were generated as previously described (28 (link)). For rAAV production, pHelper and pAAV-2.5 capsid plasmids were used (Addgene and (28 (link)). For VLP production, psPAX2 and pmD2.G were used (Addgene). For HIV-1 ΔENV production, Bru-GFP ΔENV was generated as previously described (62 (link)) and pmD2.G (Addgene). For lentivirus stable knock-down of DCAF1, pLKO.1 (Addgene), psPAX2(Addgene) and pmD2.G (Addgene) were used.