Surface-spread testicular nuclei were prepared using the hypotonic treatment protocol described previously [51 (link)] with a few modifications [36 (link),38 (link)]. The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-RAD51 (Santa Cruz, sc-8349), anti-DMC1 (Santa Cruz, sc-22768), and anti-SYCP1 (Abcam, ab15087); mouse monoclonal anti-γH2AFX (Upstate, #05–636) and anti-SYCP3 (Santa Cruz, sc-74569); goat anti-Rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 488 (Molecular Probes, A-11034); and goat anti-Mouse IgG Alexa Fluor 568 (Molecular Probes, A-11031) and IgG Alexa Fluor 647 (Molecular Probes, A-21236). The images were acquired using a Nikon E400 microscope with a DS-QiMc mono-chrome CCD camera (Nikon) and processed in the NIS-Elements program (Nikon). The spread nuclei were staged based on axis development and synaptonemal complex formation.
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