We used a digital weighing scale (MC-580; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) to measure body weight and a stadiometer for body height. Body mass index represents weight (kg) divided by squared height (m2). Sex-adjusted BMI-for-age z scores (zBMI) were determined based on the WHO children growth standards (25 ). Overweight was defined as zBMI values over 1 standard deviation.
Resting BP was appraised three times using the Omron automated oscillometric device (Omron® M6 AC; Hoofddorp, Netherlands). The mean of the last two readings was used to compute systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was calculated as: 1/3(SBP-DBP) + DBP (26 (link)). A SBP and/or DBP over the 90th percentile or 120/80 mmHg were characterized as elevated BP (27 (link)).
Minimally invasive blood sampling was done by pricking the child’s fingertip with a safety lancet. The Alere Afinion AS 100 Analyzer device (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, United States) was used to determine glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and total cholesterol (TC) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio levels. HbA1c values higher than 39 mmol/mol and a TC higher than 4.40 mmol/L were indicative of pre-diabetes (28 (link)) and borderline dyslipidemia (29 (link)), respectively.
Resting BP was appraised three times using the Omron automated oscillometric device (Omron® M6 AC; Hoofddorp, Netherlands). The mean of the last two readings was used to compute systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was calculated as: 1/3(SBP-DBP) + DBP (26 (link)). A SBP and/or DBP over the 90th percentile or 120/80 mmHg were characterized as elevated BP (27 (link)).
Minimally invasive blood sampling was done by pricking the child’s fingertip with a safety lancet. The Alere Afinion AS 100 Analyzer device (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, United States) was used to determine glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and total cholesterol (TC) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio levels. HbA1c values higher than 39 mmol/mol and a TC higher than 4.40 mmol/L were indicative of pre-diabetes (28 (link)) and borderline dyslipidemia (29 (link)), respectively.
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