Subjects underwent retrospectively ECG-gated spiral MDCT of the aortic valve region (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany). The CT protocol was as follows: tube voltage 100 kV, tube current 320 mAs, pitch 0.23, temporal resolution 75 ms, collimation 2 × 2 × 64 × 0.6 mm. The CM injection protocol included 120 ml of CM (Iopromide, Ultravist 300, Bayer, Berlin, Germany): 20 ml of CM and 15 ml of saline were injected as a test bolus, followed by 75 ml pure CM, 50 ml 50 % CM solution and finally a 50-ml saline flush, all injected at a rate of 7.2 ml/s. Images were reconstructed (0.75 mm slice thickness, 0.7 mm increment, B26f kernel) at 11 time points of the R–R interval: at 20 ms after the R wave and at every 10 % of the R–R interval.