Free monosaccharides were extracted according to the method presented by Bell et al. (2017a) (link), with the exception that 0.2 g of lyophilized leaf powder was extracted. Extracts were analyzed on an Agilent 1100 series HPLC system equipped with a binary pump, degasser, and auto-sampler, with an external column heater (50°C). A Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H (300 × 7.8 mm, 9 μm particle size) column with a Micro-Guard Cation H guard column (Bio-Rad, Watford, United Kingdom) was used to achieve separation with an isocratic gradient of 5 mM sulfuric acid, and a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. A Polymer Laboratories ERC-7515 refractive index detector (Church Stretton, United Kingdom) was used to detect monosaccharides. Compounds were quantified using authentic standards and analyzed with Agilent ChemStation software (Santa Clara, CA, United States).
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