MEFs were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of ∼25 000 cells per well for 48 h and 50 000 cells per well for 24 h. Analyses were carried out as previously described (18 (link)). Cell lysates were separated at 80 V on 10% acrylamide gels for 2 h. Following transfer at 20 V for 1.5 h using Bolt Mini Blot Modules (Life Technologies) to Immobilon-FL (Millipore) membranes, membranes were blocked 30 min in Odyssey blocking buffer (LI-COR). The membranes were subsequently incubated overnight with 1:1000 mouse monoclonal anti-Viperin (MaP.VIP | MABF106, Millipore), rabbit anti-mouse p56 (gift from G. Sen, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA), rabbit anti-mouse Mda5 (D74E4 | 5321, Cell Signaling Technology) or mouse monoclonal anti-β-tubulin (TU-06 | ab7792, Abcam). Finally, conjugated secondary antibodies with Alexa Fluor® 680 dye (Life Technologies) or IRdye800 (Rockland) were used to image the proteins at 700 or 800 nm with an Odyssey scanner (LI-COR).