This study was divided into three steps: (i) preparation and characterization of ORN; (ii) assessment of the ORN-PDT efficacy using tumor models in fragments of ovarian tissue; and (iii) assessment of the PDT specificity using ovarian biopsies of young patients (Fig. 1). In the first step, the ORN was prepared by our previously optimized method (Moghassemi et al., 2022d ), and its characteristics, including size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were studied. Then, in the following step, the efficiency of the best OR/ORN-PDT purging protocol was analyzed on TIMs created by HL-60 cells microinjected into ovarian tissue. Finally, the third step aimed to evaluate the effect of the PDT approach on the follicle population and ovarian tissue quality to ensure that such treatment is not harmful to follicle survival and development for it to be deemed a potential fertility restoration alternative.
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