HUVECs (cat. no. BNCC337616), obtained from BeNa Culture Collection, were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37˚C. HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of Rg1 (1, 5 or 10 µM; Shanghai YaJi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 24 h at 37˚C (18 (link),19 (link)). The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C (CC; 5 mM; MilliporeSigma) was used to pretreat HUVECs for 2 h at 37˚C. In addition, HUVECs were stimulated with 100 mg/l ox-LDL (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) for 48 h at 37˚C to construct an in vitro AS model. To evaluate the effects of Rg1 on ox-LDL-treated HUVECs, the cells were pretreated with Rg1 for 30 min prior to ox-LDL treatment. Untreated cells were regarded as the control group.