In this study, we used cryopreserved sera from community-dwelling older adults participating in a cytokine and miRNA study for measuring circulating TGF-β1 and CTGF, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (ab100647 and ab261851; Abcam). Their VC severity was determined based on a validated classification scheme for AAC [45 (link)], which also demonstrated good applicability to our patients according to our prior work [13 (link), 46 (link)]. We identified those without AAC and those with severe AAC, and compared their circulating TGF-β1 and CTGF levels using the Student’s independent t-test, in order to validate the clinical implications of TGF-β1 and CTGF in VC.
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