RNA extraction and qRT-PCR methods were conducted as previously published [53 (link)]. In brief, the total RNA was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and the RNA was converted into cDNA using the ReverTra Ace qPCR RT kit (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). Furthermore, using cDNA as a template, RT-PCR analysis was performed using the Applied Biosystems Quant Studio 3 Real-Time PCR System instrument. The primers used in this assay are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
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