Quantitative RT-PCR Assay for Gastric Cell Lines

Human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) and GC cell lines (MKN-45 and AGS) were obtained from Tianjin Createch Biotechnology Co. LTD (Tianjin, China). All cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) at 37 °C and 5% ­ CO₂. qRT-PCR was performed according to the method described earlier [17 (link)]. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and synthesized into cDNA using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (TaKaRa Bio, Japan) following the manufacturer’s instructions. qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Green assay (Roche, Switzerland). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or U6 was utilized as an endogenous reference. The primers sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1.