Hybrid Assembly of Hymenopteran Genomes

Genome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2500, for paired-end short reads, and PacBio Sequel II platforms. Genome size and heterozygosity were estimated using the GenomeScope 2.0.²⁰ (link)^,21 (link) The primary assembly was performed using FALCON-UNZIP²² (link) with default settings, and the assembled contigs were polished using Arrow²³ (link) and Pilon.²⁴ (link) Completeness of the assembly was assessed using BUSCO v5.2.2 with the ‘insecta_odb10’ and ‘hymenoptera_odb10’ datasets.²⁵ (link) For comparison, we performed BUSCO analysis with other Hymenopteran species: Apis mellifera, Orussus abietinus, Trichogramma pretiosum, Copidosoma floridanum, Nasonia vitripennis, Ceratosolen solmsi, Diachasma alloeum, Fopius arisanus, Microplitis demolitor, Macrocentrus cingulum, Cotesia typhae, Cotesia glomerata, Chelonus insularis, and Aphidius gifuensis. The references of the genomes of all species are listed in Supplementary Fig. S1.^26–38 (link)