For live imaging, wing imaginal discs and their associated trachea were prepared following Roy et al. (2014) (link). Images were obtained as previously described (Du et al., 2018a (link)) using a Leica SP5X with HyD detector or an CSUX1 Yokogawa spinning disc confocal equipped with an Andor iXon897 EMCCD camera. The images were processed and analyzed with Fiji. Maximum-intensity projections of sections were shown for most images. All images were obtained using 40× objective in the microscopes, except for Fig. 8 (J–N), which used a 20× objective. All XZY images were obtained using the Leica SP5X with a 40× objective for S2 cells and 20× objective for wing discs.