Offspring were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (50 mg/mL; injected 0.1 cc per 10 g body weight [bw]), and fat mass and lean mass were measured in offspring by DEXA (Lunar PIXImus2 mouse densitometer). Body weight was measured every 2–3 days and reported every 12 weeks, and food consumption was measured weekly. Retro-orbital sinus bleeds were performed after an overnight fast (2200 h to 900 h); plasma insulin and leptin were measured using mouse ELISA kits (Crystal Chem Inc.); and triglyceride, cholesterol, and free fatty acid were measured by colorimetric assay (Stanbio). Muscle glycogen and triglycerides were determined in tibialis anterior muscles as previously described (23 (link)). Tibialis anterior muscle was used for RNA extraction using QIAzol Lysis Reagent (Qiagen). mRNA expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR (primers in Supplementary Table 1). Tissue processing and immunoblotting were performed as previously described (24 (link)). Antibodies used were GLUT4 (AB1346) (Millipore) and HKII (AB37593) (Abcam).